Complete notes for Class 10 Geography – Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources With CBSE Extra Questions

🌍 Notes – Minerals and Energy Resources (Class 10 Geography)

πŸ”Ή What are Minerals?

  • A mineral is a naturally occurring substance with a definite chemical composition.
  • Found in rocks and formed by natural processes.
  • Important for industries, agriculture, and human life.

πŸ”Ή Forms of Occurrence of Minerals

  1. Veins and Lodes – In igneous & metamorphic rocks (Tin, Copper, Lead, Zinc).
  2. Beds and Layers – In sedimentary rocks (Coal, Iron ore, Limestone).
  3. Alluvial Deposits – In sands of river valleys (Gold, Silver, Platinum).
  4. Marine Deposits – In ocean beds & sea shores (Magnesium, Salt, Gypsum).

πŸ”Ή Types of Minerals

  • Metallic minerals: contain metals (Iron ore, Bauxite, Copper).
  • Non-metallic minerals: no metals (Mica, Limestone, Gypsum).
  • Energy minerals: used for fuel (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas).

πŸ”Ή Distribution of Minerals in India

  • Iron ore: Odisha (Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj), Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka.
  • Manganese: Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Bauxite (Aluminium ore): Odisha (largest producer), Gujarat, Maharashtra.
  • Mica: Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan.
  • Limestone: Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Coal: Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal.
  • Petroleum: Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai High (offshore).
  • Natural Gas: Krishna-Godavari Basin, Mumbai High, Assam.

πŸ”Ή Energy Resources

1. Conventional Energy (traditional, non-renewable)

  • Coal: Main source of energy, used in power plants and industries.
  • Petroleum: Transport fuel, raw material for chemicals and fertilizers.
  • Natural Gas: Clean energy, used in power plants and industries.
  • Hydroelectric Power: Renewable, produced from water flow.

2. Non-Conventional Energy (modern, renewable)

  • Solar Energy: Abundant in India (Rajasthan, Gujarat).
  • Wind Energy: Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
  • Biogas: Rural households, farms.
  • Tidal Energy: Gulf of Kuchchh, Gulf of Khambhat (Gujarat).
  • Geothermal Energy: Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh), Puga Valley (Ladakh).
  • Nuclear Power: Uranium (Jharkhand), Thorium (Kerala, Andhra Pradesh).

πŸ”Ή Conservation of Minerals and Energy

  • Minerals are non-renewable → once used, gone forever.
  • Conservation methods:
    • Use carefully, avoid wastage.
    • Recycle metals (aluminium, copper).
    • Use substitutes.
    • Promote non-conventional energy (solar, wind, biogas).
    • Save electricity and fuel.

πŸ”Ή Hazards of Mining

  • Health problems due to dust and pollution.
  • Accidents like landslides.
  • Loss of biodiversity and deforestation.
  • Land degradation.

πŸ”Ή Map-Based Questions (Important Locations)

  • Iron ore: Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka.
  • Coal: Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro (Jharkhand, West Bengal).
  • Petroleum: Digboi (Assam), Mumbai High, Ankleshwar (Gujarat).
  • Nuclear plants: Tarapur (Maharashtra), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Kaiga (Karnataka).
  • Hydro Projects: Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley, Hirakud.

✅ In Short (Quick Revision):

  • Minerals = natural, definite composition.
  • Forms = veins/lodes, beds/layers, alluvial, marine.
  • Energy → Conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Gas, HEP) & Non-Conventional (Solar, Wind, Nuclear).
  • India is rich in minerals but unevenly distributed.
  • Conservation is necessary for futurs Generation 

πŸ“˜ Extra Questions (Post-2021 Pattern)

Q1. How can solar energy help in solving the energy problem in India?
Ans:

  • India gets plenty of sunlight throughout the year.
  • Useful in rural and remote areas.
  • Eco-friendly and renewable.
  • Reduces pressure on fossil fuels and electricity demand.

Q2. Name the two types of iron ore found in India. Write two features of each.
Ans:

  • Hematite: Red to brown in colour; high iron content (up to 70%).
  • Magnetite: Black, magnetic in nature; best quality, very high iron content.

Q3. Describe the distribution of coal in India.
Ans:

  • Found mainly in Gondwana rocks (200 million years old).
  • Major fields: Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro (Jharkhand, West Bengal).
  • Also found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Tertiary coal found in north-east India (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland).

Q4. What is geothermal energy? How is it generated? Name two experimental projects in India.
Ans:

  • Energy produced from the earth’s internal heat.
  • Hot rocks and steam are used to produce electricity.
  • Projects: Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh), Puga Valley (Ladakh).

Q5. Suggest four ways to conserve mineral resources.
Ans:

  1. Use minerals carefully, avoid wastage.
  2. Recycle metals (like aluminium, copper).
  3. Use substitutes when possible.
  4. Develop eco-friendly and efficient mining technology.

Q6. Name the gulf that provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy in India.
Ans:

  • Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kuchchh (both in Gujarat).

Q7. Which is the largest petroleum producing region in India?
Ans:

  • Mumbai High (offshore oil field in Arabian Sea).

✅ These are the type of questions asked in CBSE papers and sample papers after 2021.

🌍 Class 10 Geography – Minerals and Energy Resources

πŸ“Œ Most Expected 5-Mark Questions (Long Answers)

Q1. Explain the different forms of occurrence of minerals in India with examples.
Ans:

  • In igneous and metamorphic rocks: Minerals occur in veins and lodes. Example → Tin, Copper, Zinc.
  • In sedimentary rocks: Minerals occur in beds and layers. Example → Coal, Iron ore.
  • Alluvial deposits (placer deposits): Found in sands of river valleys. Example → Gold, Platinum.
  • Marine deposits: Found in ocean beds and sea shores. Example → Magnesium, Salt, Gypsum.

Q2. Describe the distribution of iron ore in India. Why is it important?
Ans:

  • Odisha: High-grade hematite ore (Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj).
  • Chhattisgarh: Bastar, Durg regions.
  • Jharkhand: Singhbhum belt.
  • Karnataka: Bellary, Chitradurga, Chikmaglur.
  • Importance: Raw material for iron & steel industry, infrastructure, tools, and machines.

Q3. “Conservation of minerals is necessary.” Explain with examples.
Ans:

  • Minerals are non-renewable, once used they cannot be replaced.
  • Mineral resources are unevenly distributed.
  • Industrial growth increases demand for minerals.
  • Methods of conservation:
    1. Use minerals carefully and reduce wastage.
    2. Recycle metals like aluminium, copper.
    3. Use substitutes where possible.
    4. Develop new technology for mining.

Q4. Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Why is the latter important?
Ans:

  • Conventional energy:
    • Used traditionally, limited and non-renewable.
    • Examples → Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, Hydroelectricity.
  • Non-conventional energy:
    • Renewable, eco-friendly, unlimited supply.
    • Examples → Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, Biogas, Nuclear.
  • Importance: Helps reduce dependence on coal & petroleum, prevents pollution, ensures sustainable development.

Q5. Describe the distribution of coal in India. Mention its importance.
Ans:

  • Found in Gondwana rocks → Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Tertiary coal → Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Importance:
    • Main source of energy in India.
    • Used in thermal power stations.
    • Raw material for iron & steel and chemical industries.

Q6. Why is energy called the “basic requirement” for the economic development of a country? Explain with examples.
Ans:

  • Energy required for all industries and factories.
  • Transport and communication depend on energy.
  • Agriculture uses electricity and petroleum.
  • Everyday life needs energy (cooking gas, electricity, fuel).
  • Example: IT industry requires constant power supply; without energy, growth slows down.

✅ These are high-probability 5-mark questions that CBSE tends to repeat in board exams.


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